Which case law determined the standard for reasonable use of force?

The correct answer pertains to Graham v. Connor, which established the standard for evaluating whether the amount of force used by law enforcement officers is reasonable. This landmark Supreme Court case clarified that the use of force must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, taking into account the split-second decisions that officers are often required to make in volatile situations.

The ruling emphasized that the objective reasonableness of the officer's actions should be assessed based on the totality of the circumstances confronting them, rather than with the benefit of hindsight. This perspective is foundational in understanding law enforcement practices surrounding the application of force, fundamentally shaping police policy and training across the country.

The other cases listed, while significant in their own rights, address different aspects of the law, such as search and seizure, self-incrimination, and students' rights, and do not specifically pertain to the use of force.