Which case established a "public safety" exception to Miranda rights?

The establishment of a "public safety" exception to Miranda rights came from the case involving New York v. Quarles. In this case, law enforcement officers may conduct a limited questioning of a suspect without giving the Miranda warning if there is an immediate threat to public safety. The context of the decision emphasized that the need to protect the public can outweigh the procedural necessity of informing a suspect of their rights before interrogation.

In the Quarles case, police chased a suspect who was seen in a supermarket carrying a gun. Upon apprehending him, the officers asked where the gun was, prioritizing the safety of the public in that volatile situation over the formalities of the Miranda warning. The ruling acknowledged that the urgency of ensuring public safety could justify questioning without prior Miranda rights being read, thereby creating this important exception within law enforcement practices.

Other mentioned cases do not relate to this specific exception about questioning suspects.