What factors are used to determine probable cause to use force under the 4th amendment?

The correct answer relates to the Graham factors, which are crucial in assessing whether an officer had probable cause to use force under the Fourth Amendment. These factors stem from the landmark Supreme Court case, Graham v. Connor, where the Court established a standard that evaluates the reasonableness of an officer's use of force based on the totality of the circumstances.

The Graham factors specifically take into account the severity of the crime involved, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and whether the suspect is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight. This framework allows for a balanced analysis that provides officers with the guidance needed to make split-second decisions while also protecting individuals’ rights against unreasonable seizure.

Understanding the Graham factors ensures law enforcement personnel can justify their use of force in accordance with the constitutional standards set forth by the Fourth Amendment. This helps maintain accountability and protects against excessive use of force in policing.